Desalinated Water

 

          

        Figure1                                                       Figure 2          

      
 

           Figure 3                                      Figure 4

    

         Figure 5                                                       Figure 6

            Diagram 1                              Diagram 2

             Diagram 3                                      Diagram 4

                Diagram 5                                    Diagram 6

 Source:Figure 1:http://www.environmentguru.com/Pages/

                         Elements/Element.aspx?id=566725

            Figure 2:http://www.scm.sg/scmbuilders/reference.asp          
            Figure 3:http://www.topnews.com.sg/category/
                          general/general-news?page=28
            Figure 4:http://wildshores.blogspot.com/2011/02/
                         desalination-plant-at-tuas-may-have.html
            Figure 5:http://airmasterinternational.org/projects.php
            Figure 6:http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/06/hadera-desalination-jordan/
            Diagram 1:http://gerbera.org/image-files/landscape-sa-2005-06-desalination-2.jpg
            Diagram 2:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 3:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 4:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 5:http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=desalination&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=67RgWDZDEiyugM:&imgrefurl=http://www.trec-uk.org.uk/csp/desalination.html&imgurl=http://www.trec-uk.org.uk/images/CSP_desalination.png&w=1027&h=778&ei=Qmm5TdaUEIvPrQes0YndBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&page=1&tbnh=170&tbnw=224&start=0&ndsp=
20&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0&biw=1380&bih=865
            Diagram 6:http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=desalination&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1380&
bih=865&tbm=isch&tbnid=wHtmsd9QjtD2SM:&imgrefurl=htt
p://www.niot.res.in/projects/desal/desalination_facilities.php&imgurl=
http://www.niot.res.in/projects/desal/images/desalination17.jpg&w=463&
h=307&ei=Qmm5TdaUEIvPrQes0YndBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1
&tbnh=168&tbnw=254&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0


Bottles of NEWater for distribution during the National Day Parade celebrations of 2005 at Marina South

NEWater is the brand name given to reclaimed water produced by Singapore's public utilities. More specifically, it is treated wastewater that has been purified using dual-membrane and ultraviolet technologies, in addition to conventional water treatment processes.

As of 2008, there are five NEWater factories, located at the Bedok, Kranji, and Seletar, Uhu Pandan and Changi Water Reclamation Plants, producing 50 million US gallons per day. Some of the NEWater is used at water fabrication plants and other non-potable applications in industries. The rest is fed into nearby reservoirs. NEWater is currently able to meet 30% of Singapore's water requirements.

The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), a 48-km long deep tunnel sewer that runs 20 to 55 metres below ground, channels used water to a centralised water reclamation plant for treatment. The treated used water will then be discharged into the sea or further purified into NEWater. The deep tunnel works entirely by gravity, eliminating the need for pumping stations, and thus the risks of used water overflows. At one-third the size of conventional plants, the Changi Water Reclamation Plant is designed to be compact. Centralisation of used water treatment at Changi also allows for economies of scale. Until DTSS will be completed, wastewater is collected through a sewer system that includes 139 pumping stations that pump water to six wastewater treatment plants. These pumping stations and plants will be decommissioned when the DTSS will become operational.

singapore's 4 national taps and PUB

In conclusion, we feel that the best method is actually using the desalinated water as the water from local catchments takes up half of the land in Singapore and will eventually compromise 2/3 of Singapore's land space. Furthermore, the usage of imported water has to depend on other countries such as Malaysia to get water and it will soon expire in 2011. Moreover, NEWater is obtained from reclaiming used water and a small percentage is blended with the raw reservoir, therefore, we feel that the usage of desalinated water is the best as it meets the future needs at an affordable cost.

http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=singapore+4+taps&um=1&hl=en&tbm=isch&tbnid=kNn_96CiB7LJPM:&imgrefurl=http://itt.cz/obr/singapore-effluent-discharge-standards%2526page%253D4&imgurl=http://www.water-treatment.com.cn/plants/list/images/Singapore_national_taps.jpg&w=400&h=436&ei=IW-5TZS-KoLXrQfbv5ndBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&page=1&tbnh=167&tbnw=153&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&biw=1380&bih=865

Water Catchment area

 

                          Figure 1                                  Figure 2

       Figure 3                                                          Figure 4   



                 Figure 5                                    Figure 6

                                                                     

            

                         

                  Diagram1                                                     Diagram 2

          

                    Diagram 3                                  Diagram 4    

          Diagram 5                                      Diagram 6

 inaugurated in 2008, is in the estuary of a river that has been closed off by a barrage to keep the seawater out. Two similar barrages are due to be completed in 2011 and will form the Punggol Reservoir and the Serangoon Reservoir.

Source: Figure 1: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marina_Barrage_Bridge.jpg

             Figure 2: http://www.search.com/reference/Sungei_Punggol

             Figure3: http://www.pub.gov.sg/pureannual2008/birth_of_the_barrage.htm

             Figure4: http://niekyk.blogspot.com/2009/12/punggol-serangoon-reservoir-scheme.html

             Figure 5:http://www.fishingkaki.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=172249&start=0&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight= &sid=68ab8e114226473581be71bbe66554cd

Figure 6: http://www.fishingkaki.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=172249&start=0&postdays=0&postorder=asc&highlight=&sid=68

                ab8e114226473581be71bbe66554cd

              Diagram 1: http://www.csiro.au/news/newsletters/0612_water/story7.htm

              Diagram 2: http://www.sca.nsw.gov.au/education-and-action/student-resources/catching-the-cleanest-water/the-water-cycle

              Diagram 3: http://www.wagrico.org/site/WAgriCo/content-folder/background/background

              Diagram 4: http://www.umr-lisah.fr/openfluid/index.php?page=mhydas

              Diagram 5: http://soer.justice.tas.gov.au/2009/wat/3/issue/92/index.php

              Diagram 6: http://www.cathylaw.com/APES/Waterclassnotes.html

The barrage of the Marina Bay reservoir.Two thirds of the country's surface area are classified as partly protected catchment areas with certain restrictions on land use, so that the rainwater can be collected and used as drinking water. As of 2010, the water supply system included 19 raw water reservoirs, 9 treatment works and 17 service reservoirs for treated water. The largest reservoir, the Marina Bay reservoir

Imported water supply

                                                                   

 

                                                                    

                        Figure 1                                                                 Figure 2

 

         Diagram 1                                         Diagram 2

Source: Figure 1:

http://www.google.com.sg/imglandingq=imported+water+supply&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1380&bih=

865&tbm=isch&tbnid=ngeK80BvFxEqM:&imgrefurl=http://www.pub.gov.sg/customer/Pages/WaterSuppl

y.aspx&imgurl=http://www.pub.gov.sg/customer/PublishingImages/WaterSupply_2.jpg&w=490&h=537&

ei=oHC5TaD5MMuzrAfZndDdBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=128&start=0&ved=1t:

429,r:6,s:0             

              Figure2:http://www.google.com.sg/imglandingq=imported+water+supply&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1380&b

ih=865&tbm=isch&tbnid=2fA37nylL1u84M:&imgrefurl=http://www.sweetwater.org/index.aspx% 253Fpage%253D130&imgurl=http://www.sweetwater.org/Modules/ShowImage.aspx%253Fimageid%253D104&w=178&h=135&ei=pending&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=2&tbnh=108&tbnw=142&start=34&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:34

             Diagram 1:http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=imported+water+supply&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1380&bih=865&tbm=isch&tbnid=9uwrnYlFEL5FiM:&imgrefurl=http://www.waterworld.com/index/display/article-display/4173606741/articles/water-wastewater-international/volume-25/issue-3/editorial-focus/water-well_development/fresh-groundwater.html&imgurl=http://www.waterworld.com/etc/medialib/platform-7/Water___WasteWater_International/Print_Articles_/volume-25/issue-3.Par.16555.Image.600.415.1.gif&w=600&h=415&ei=oHC5TaD5MMuzrAfZndDdBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=201&start=0&ved=1t:429,r:14,s:0

              Diagram 2: http://museumca.org/creeks/z-groundwater.html

The water pipeline from Malaysia, shown here at the Johor-Woodlands causeway, supplies 40% of Singapore's water supply.For decades, Singapore has relied on importation from Johor state in Malaysia to supply half of its water consumption. As of 2009, imported water had been reduced to 40% of total consumptionTwo water supply agreements between Malaysia and the British crown colony Singapore were signed in 1961 and 1962 respectively. The first agreement is due to expire in 2011, the second in 2061. Under these agreements the price of water is set at a very low level of less than 1 cent per 1000 gallons. The two countries are in disagreement about the future price of water. In the absence of a resolution, the government of Singapore decided to increase self-sufficiency in its water supply.

1927 Agreement
This was signed on 5 December 1927 between the municipal commissioners of the town of Singapore and Sultan Ibrahim of the state and territories of Johor. It allowed Singapore to rent 2,100 acres (8.5km²) of land in Gunong Pulai for the purpose of supplying raw water from the area to Singapore. An annual rent of 30 cents per acre (per 4,047m²) was payable on the land, but the water was free. Johor set aside an additional 25mi² (64.7km²) of land and agreed not to alienate any part of this land without the consent of the Singapore commissioners. If the latter wanted to reserve any part of this plot for drawing water, they had to give notice to the Johor government and pay an annual rent of $5 per acre. In return, Johor could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637m³) of treated water from Singapore daily at a rate of 25 cents per 1,000 gallons (per 4.55m³).

1961 Agreement
This was called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement. It was signed on 1 September 1961 between the city council of the state of Singapore (the predecessor of the Public Utilities Board or PUB) and the government of the state of Johor. By then, Singapore was a self-governing state within the British empire while Malaya was already an independent nation. The 1927 agreement was declared void in this document.

The agreement gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw off all the water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Tebrau and Sungei Scudai for a period of 50 years up till 2011. Singapore was to pay an annual rent of $5 per acre for the land and a charge of 3 cents for every 1,000 gallons of water. Singapore also agreed to provide Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12% of the raw water it drew, subject to a minimum of four million gallons (18,184m³), and at a price of 50 cents per 1,000 gallons.

1962 Agreement
Called the Johor River Water Agreement, this was signed on 29 September 1962 between the Singapore city council and the Johor state government. Valid for 99 years up till 2061, it gave Singapore the full and exclusive right to draw water from Johor River up to a maximum of 250 million gallons per day (mgd) (1.14 million cubic metres a day). In return, Johor was entitled to a daily supply of treated water from Singapore up to 2% of the raw water it supplied.

Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used "at the standard rate applicable to building lots on town land". The water prices remained the same as in the previous agreement - 3 cents per 1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 cents per 1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using a common currency, the prices became denominated in Malaysian ringgit.

The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after 25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action if bilateral price negotiations failed. However, the Johor government chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and 1987.

The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as the Separation Agreement) signed between the governments of Singapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961 and 1962 water agreements.

1990 Agreement
This was signed on 24 November 1990 between PUB and the Johor state government. It was supplementary to the 1962 pact and would also expire in 2061. A separate document was signed on the same day by the governments of Malaysia and Singapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.

Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed to construct a dam across Sungei Linggui to facilitate the extraction of water from Johor River, with Johor setting aside about 21,600ha (216km²) of land for the project. Singapore agreed to pay RM320 million as compensation for the permanent loss of use of the land and its associated revenue, in addition to a premium of RM18,000 per hectare (per 10,000m²) and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000ft² (per 92.9m²) of the land. The cost of building and maintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.

In return, Singapore could buy (from Johor) treated water generated by the new dam. This would be over and above the 250mgd of raw water that it was allowed to draw from Johor River under the 1962 agreement. The price of this additional supply would be calculated based on a fixed formula: the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs plus 50% of the surplus from the sale of this water by PUB to its consumers after deducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution, or 115% of the weighted average of Johor's water tariffs, whichever was higher.

This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum of understanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 between the two countries' prime ministers at the time, Lee Kuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad for Malaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as a breakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations, the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.

Beyond 2061
The Singapore government has stated that it will not renew the 1961 agreement which expires in 2011. Attempts to reach a new deal with Malaysia to secure water supply for Singapore beyond 2061 have not borne fruit despite years of tedious negotiations. To reduce Singapore's dependence on imported water, the government has taken steps to increase the size of the local water catchment area and to build up the supply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater (reclaimed water) and desalinated water. With the various water projects progressing well, government officials have assured Singaporeans that the country can be self-reliant in water by 2061 if it needs to be.it is not a good idea as it can be used for a long term. The agreement might expire and there is no guarantee that the country would negotiate a new agreement as they need to have sufficient water to meet their needs.

NEWater

http://waterrecycling.blogspot.com/2008/11/singapore-drinks-recycled-water-too.html

http://infocommclub.vs.moe.edu.sg/cyberfair2005/newater.htm

http://www.newmagicmedia.com/Project1.htm

http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&xhr=t&q=newater&cp=5&wrapid=tljp130399938968708&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&biw=1380&bih=865

Bottles of NEWater for distribution during the National Day Parade celebrations of 2005 at Marina South.NEWater is the brand name given to reclaimed water produced by Singapore's public utilities. More specifically, it is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been purified using dual-membrane (via microfiltration and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies, in addition to conventional water treatment processes.

As of 2008, there are five NEWater factories, located at the Bedok, Kranji, and Seletar, Ulu Pandan and Changi Water Reclamation Plants, producing 50 million US gallons per day. Some of the NEWater is used at wafer fabrication plants and other non-potable applications in industries. The rest is fed into nearby reservoirs. NEWater is currently able to meet 30% of Singapore's water requirements.

The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), a 48-km long deep tunnel sewer that runs 20 to 55 metres below ground, channels used water to a centralised water reclamation plant for treatment. The treated used water will then be discharged into the sea or further purified into NEWater. The deep tunnel works entirely by gravity, eliminating the need for pumping stations, and thus the risks of used water overflows. At one-third the size of conventional plants, the Changi Water Reclamation Plant is designed to be compact. Centralisation of used water treatment at Changi also allows for economies of scale. Until DTSS will be completed, wastewater is collected through a sewer system that includes 139 pumping stations that pump water to six wastewater treatment plants. These pumping stations and plants will be decommissioned when the DTSS will become operational.

NEWater is the brand name given to reclaimed water produced by Singapore's Public Utilities Board. More specifically, it is treated wastewater (sewage) that has been purified using dual-membrane (via microfiltration and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet technologies, in addition to conventional water treatment processes. The water is potable and is consumed by humans, but is mostly used for industry requiring high purity water.