Desalinated Water

 

          

        Figure1                                                       Figure 2          

      
 

           Figure 3                                      Figure 4

    

         Figure 5                                                       Figure 6

            Diagram 1                              Diagram 2

             Diagram 3                                      Diagram 4

                Diagram 5                                    Diagram 6

 Source:Figure 1:http://www.environmentguru.com/Pages/

                         Elements/Element.aspx?id=566725

            Figure 2:http://www.scm.sg/scmbuilders/reference.asp          
            Figure 3:http://www.topnews.com.sg/category/
                          general/general-news?page=28
            Figure 4:http://wildshores.blogspot.com/2011/02/
                         desalination-plant-at-tuas-may-have.html
            Figure 5:http://airmasterinternational.org/projects.php
            Figure 6:http://www.greenprophet.com/2010/06/hadera-desalination-jordan/
            Diagram 1:http://gerbera.org/image-files/landscape-sa-2005-06-desalination-2.jpg
            Diagram 2:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 3:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 4:http://www.sidem-desalination.com/en/process/MSF/
            Diagram 5:http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=desalination&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbm=isch&tbnid=67RgWDZDEiyugM:&imgrefurl=http://www.trec-uk.org.uk/csp/desalination.html&imgurl=http://www.trec-uk.org.uk/images/CSP_desalination.png&w=1027&h=778&ei=Qmm5TdaUEIvPrQes0YndBA&zoom=1&iact=hc&page=1&tbnh=170&tbnw=224&start=0&ndsp=
20&ved=1t:429,r:9,s:0&biw=1380&bih=865
            Diagram 6:http://www.google.com.sg/imglanding?q=desalination&um=1&hl=en&sa=N&biw=1380&
bih=865&tbm=isch&tbnid=wHtmsd9QjtD2SM:&imgrefurl=htt
p://www.niot.res.in/projects/desal/desalination_facilities.php&imgurl=
http://www.niot.res.in/projects/desal/images/desalination17.jpg&w=463&
h=307&ei=Qmm5TdaUEIvPrQes0YndBA&zoom=1&iact=rc&page=1
&tbnh=168&tbnw=254&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0


Bottles of NEWater for distribution during the National Day Parade celebrations of 2005 at Marina South

NEWater is the brand name given to reclaimed water produced by Singapore's public utilities. More specifically, it is treated wastewater that has been purified using dual-membrane and ultraviolet technologies, in addition to conventional water treatment processes.

As of 2008, there are five NEWater factories, located at the Bedok, Kranji, and Seletar, Uhu Pandan and Changi Water Reclamation Plants, producing 50 million US gallons per day. Some of the NEWater is used at water fabrication plants and other non-potable applications in industries. The rest is fed into nearby reservoirs. NEWater is currently able to meet 30% of Singapore's water requirements.

The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS), a 48-km long deep tunnel sewer that runs 20 to 55 metres below ground, channels used water to a centralised water reclamation plant for treatment. The treated used water will then be discharged into the sea or further purified into NEWater. The deep tunnel works entirely by gravity, eliminating the need for pumping stations, and thus the risks of used water overflows. At one-third the size of conventional plants, the Changi Water Reclamation Plant is designed to be compact. Centralisation of used water treatment at Changi also allows for economies of scale. Until DTSS will be completed, wastewater is collected through a sewer system that includes 139 pumping stations that pump water to six wastewater treatment plants. These pumping stations and plants will be decommissioned when the DTSS will become operational.